MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

 

 

 

B.Sc. COMPUTER MAINTENANCE

AND

ELECTRONICS

 

SYLLABUS - THIRD AND FOURTH SEMESTERS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Semester – III

 

Course

 Code

Course Name

Contact

 Hours

Credits

1

EM3B08

First Core Course – 5 

Analog Communications                      (same as  EC3B11)

4

4

2

EM3B10

First Core Course – 6

Analog Electronics                               (same as  EC3B12)

4

4

3

EM3B11

Second Core Course – 1

Basics of Electrical Technology      

3

2

4

EM3C06

First Complementary Course - 3          (same as  MP3C0l)                 Vector Calculus, Fourier Series and Analytic Geometry

5

4

5

EM3C07

Second Complementary Course - 3

Operating System Concepts

3

3

6

EM3B07

First Core Course Practical - 3

Analog Circuits Lab

3

2

7

EM3B09

First Core Course Practical - 4

Electronic Communication Systems Lab

3

2

Total

25

21

 

 

EM3B08   First Core Course -5

 

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

  (same as  EC3B11)

 

Aim of the course:

      To get a thorough knowledge of modulation and analog communication techniques

Contact hours    : 72

Credits                : 4

 

Course Outline:

Unit I

Module I                                                                                                                            (8 Hours)

Communication Systems- Modulation – Need for modulation- External noise, Internal noise,   Noise calculation- Noise Figure, Signal to Noise ratio,

Text book: Electronic Communication Systems  - Kennedy and Davis , pp 2-6, 15-26

Module II                                                                                                                        (14 Hours)

 

Amplitude Modulation- Frequency spectrum of AM wave – Representation of AM wave, Power relation in AM wave, Generation of AM, Basic requirement, Grid modulated Class C amplifier, Plate modulated Class C Amplifier, Modulated transistor amplifier

Text book: Electronic Communication Systems - Kennedy and Davis, pp 35-52

Module III                                                                                                                       (14 Hours)

 

SSB Techniques – Evolution and description of SSB, Separation of Carrier, Separation of unwanted side band- Filter system, Phase shift method, Third method, Extensions of SSB-Pilot carrier systems, ISB and VSB

Text book: Electronic Communication Systems - Kennedy and Davis , pp 57-75

 

Unit II

Module IV                                                                                                                       (12 Hours)

Frequency Modulation – Theory of  Frequency and Phase modulation,  Description of system, Mathematical representation of FM, Phase Modulation-inter system comparison, Noise and FM-Noise Triangle, De-emphasis, Pre-emphasis, Forms of interference, Comparison of Wide band and Narrow band FM, Stereo-phonic FM multiplex system

Text book: Electronic Communication Systems  - Kennedy and Davis , pp   79-84,89-100

 

Module V                                                                                                                        (12 Hours)

 FM Generation and Detection-Generation of FM – Direct method, Varactor diode modulator- Stabilized reactance modulator- Indirect method, Slope detection, Balanced Slope detector, Phase discriminator, Ratio detector

Text book: Electronic Communication Systems - Kennedy and Davis , pp 100-112, 162-171

 

Module VI                                                                                                                       (12 Hours)

Radio receivers- Reciever types, TRF superheterodyne  receiver, Sensitivity, Selectivity, Image frequency and its rejection,  double spotting, Separately excited mixer, Self –excited mixer, local oscillator, image frequency and IF amplifiers, AGC- diode detector, AFC

FM receivers – Amplitude limiting, Stereo FM multiplex reception

 

Text book: Electronic Communication Systems - Kennedy and Davis , pp 118-131,133-141, 149, 158-162, 173-174

 

Reference Book: Electronic Communication – Roddy and Coolen- PHI

 

EM3B10         First Core Course – 6          

ANALOG ELECTRONICS

(same as EC3B12)

 

Aim of the course:

To get a thorough knowledge of analog ICs

 

Contact hours  : 72

Credits              :  4

 

Course Outline

Unit I

Module 1: Introduction                                                                                                 (10 Hours)

Integrated Circuits, Types of ICs, Development of ICs – SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI packages, IC package types, Pin identification and temperature ranges , Device identification, Power supplies for ICs.

Differential amplifier circuit configurations – DC and AC analysis of Dual input balanced output and Dual input unbalanced output Differential amplifiers.

Module 2: Operational Amplifiers                                                                                (12 Hours)

Block diagram representation of a typical op-amp – schematic symbol - A general purpose IC op amp – IC 741 and its features, Op-Amp parameters - input offset voltage and current, input bias current, differential input resistance, output resistance, output voltage swing, common mode rejection ratio (CMMR), slew rate and gain-bandwidth product,  ideal and practical op-amps – Equivalent circuit of an op-amp, Open-loop op-amp configurations,  Frequency response of an op-amp.

Module 3: Op Amp circuits                                                                                           (14 Hours)

Closed-loop non-inverting and inverting amplifiers – measurement of closed-loop voltage gain, differential input voltage, input resistance, output resistance, bandwidth and total output offset voltage,  Voltage follower, Differential amplifier with one op-amp, two op-amps and three op-amps – measurement of voltage gain, Instrumentation amplifier,  Summing, Scaling and averaging amplifiers – output voltage, Current to voltage and Voltage to current converters, Integrator, Differentiator,  Comparators – Basic comparator, Zero-crossing detector, Schmitt trigger.

Unit II

Module 4: Active filters                                                                                                 (12 Hours)

Introduction, Advantages of active filters over passive filters, Types of filters, Frequency response characteristics – Butterworth, Chebychev and Cauer, Order of filters,  First order Butterworth filters - low pass, high pass, band pass - wide band-pass and narrow band-pass filters, band reject -  wide band-reject and narrow band-reject filters, all pass filters, Design of filters.

 

Module 5: Oscillators                                                                                                     (10 Hours)

Oscillators – Principles – Types – Frequency stability, Sine wave oscillators - Phase shift oscillator and Wien bridge oscillator, Design of sine wave oscillators,  Square wave generator, Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, Voltage controlled oscillator - IC 566 .

 

Module 6: Timers, Phase locked loops and Voltage Regulators                                (14 Hours)

Introduction to 555 timer - Functional diagram, Monostable and Astable operations and applications, PLL – Operating principles, Monolithic PLLs,  565 PLL, PLL as  frequency multiplier, Voltage Regulators, Types - Fixed voltage regulators, Adjustable voltage regulators, Switching regulators, Special regulators, Three terminal regulator ICs like 78xx , 79xx series and LM317.                                                                                

Text Book: Op Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A

                   Gayakwad, PHI Pvt Ltd.

Reference Text Books:

1. Integrated Circuits by Botkar

2. Integrated Electronics by  Jacob Millman & C C Halkias (Tata McGraw Hill).

3. Electronic Devices and Circuits by Allan  Mottershed PHI

 

EM3B11 Second Core Course – 1   

BASICS OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Aim of the course:

      To introduce the basic concepts of electricity and magnetism

Contact hours  : 54

Credits              : 2

 

Course Outline:

Module I : Electricity and Magnetism                                                                               (18 hrs)

Nature of electric current – Ohm’s Law – Series Parallel Circuits

Electric charge – Coulomb’s Law – Electric Field – Field strength – Electric Flux Density – Electric Potential

Capacitor – Capacitance – Parallel Plate Capacitor – Capacitors in series and parallel – Energy stored in a capacitor

Magnetic Field – Laws of Magnetic Force – Magnetic Field Strength – Magnetic Potential – Flux Density – Permeability – Susceptibility – Magneto Motive Force – Magnetic Field Strength – Magnetic Circuits

Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s Laws – Lenz’s Law – Induced emf – Inductance –        Self Induction – Mutual Inductance – Inductances in series and parallel – Energy stored in magnetic field

Module II : AC Circuit Analysis                                                                                        (18 hrs)

Alternating current  production – AC Circuits – Series and parallel – Resonance

Three phase system phase sequence – Star and Delta connection – line and phase voltage,        Star / Delta Conversion, Power in three-phase system

 

Concept of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electricity – Single phase system – Electrical safety

Module III  : AC & DC Machines                                                                                     (18 hrs)

Fundamentals of AC machines

Transformer – working principle, construction, EMF equation, Voltage transformation ratio – Losses in a transformer- Efficiency of a transformer –All day efficiency – Auto Transformers.

Alternators – Principle of operation – construction – speed and frequency

Fundamentals of DC machines

Working principle of a DC Generators – Construction - Different types of DC Generators – EMF Equation of a generator

Working principle of DC Motors – significance of back emf – Voltage equation of motor, condition for maximum power – speed of a DC motor.

Text Books:

Module I: A Text-Book of Electrical Technology (Volume I) – B.L. Theraja  (S. Chand & Co.)

Module II, III : A Text-Book of Electrical Technology (Volume II & III) – B.L. Theraja

  (S. Chand & Co.)

Reference Books:

1.      Hughes Electrical Technology – Edward Hughes 

2.      Basic Electrical Engineering   – V.N. Mittle (TMH)


 

EM3C06         First Complementary Course - 3         

             VECTOR CALCULUS, FOURIER SERIES AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

(Common with Mathematics for B.Sc. Programme MP3C0l)

 

EM3C07         Second Complementary Course – 3

OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS     

Aim of the course:

      To provide an in-depth knowledge of operating system, its functioning and its need in a computer system

Contact hours    : 54

Credits                : 3

 

Course Outline:

Module I                                 Overview                                                                              (18 hrs)

Introduction: Operating System – Early Systems Simple Monitor, Performance, Multiprogramming Time-sharing, Real-time Systems, Protection, Different Classes of Computers, Multiprocessor Systems                                                              

Operating System Services:  Types of services, The User View, The Operating System View File Systems: File Concept, File Support, Access Methods, Allocation Methods, Directory Systems, File Protection, Implementation Issues             

Module II                               Process Management                                                          (18 hrs)

CPU Scheduling – Review of Multiprogramming Concepts, Scheduling Concepts

Deadlocks – The deadlock problem, deadlock characterization, Resource allocation graph, deadlock prevention, deadlock avoidance, deadlock detection, Recovery from deadlock

Module III                              Storage Management                                                          (18 hrs)

Memory Management: Preliminaries, Bare Machine, Resident Monitor, Swapping, Multiple Partitions, Paging Segmentation, Combined Systems    

Virtual Memory: Overlays, Demand Paging, Performance of Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Virtual Memory Concepts, Page Replacement Algorithms – FIFO, Optimal replacement, Least Recently used, LRU Approximation                                                

Text Book:

  1. Operating System Concepts (Second Edition) – James. L. Peterson

   Abraham Silberschatz

   (Addition Wesley Publishing Co.)

Reference Books:

  1. Modern Operating System      –          Andrew .S. Tanenbaum
  2. Operating System                   –          Galvin and  Silberzchatz

EM3B07         First Core Course Practical – 3

ANALOG CIRCUITS LAB

 

Aim of the course:

To equip the students with the practical knowledge of Amplifiers, Oscillators, Analog ICs and their circuits

Contact Hours: 54

Credits            : 2

 

List of Experiments

  1. Halfwave rectifier / Fullwave rectifier - Center tapped
  2. Bridge Rectifier (with and without C filter )
  3. Zener Voltage Regulator
  4. Clipping circuits
  5. Clamping circuits
  6. Single Stage RC coupled BJT Amplifier
  7. FET CS Amplifier
  8. RC Phase shift Oscillator
  9. Astable Multivibrator using BJT
  10. Sweep Circuit Using BJT
  11. Measurement of 741 Op-amp parameters- Offset Voltage, CMRR  and Slew Rate
  12. Inverting And Non Inverting Amplifier
  13. Summing And Difference Amplifier
  14. Integrating And Differentiating Amplifier
  15. Active Filters- First-order Low Pass Filter, First-order High Pass Filter, First-order Wide Band Pass Filter, Narrow Band Reject Filter
  16. Wien Bridge Oscillator
  17. Square Wave And Triangular Wave Generators
  18. 555 IC – Astable Multivibrator
  19. Comparators – Inverting And Non inverting
  20. Schmitt Trigger

 

EM3B09         First Core Course Practical – 4

 

 

ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB

 

Aim of the course:

To equip the students with the practical knowledge of circuits used in the electronic communication field

Contact Hours: 54

Credits            : 2

 

  1. AM Generation
  2. AM Demodulation
  3. Mixer
  4. FM modulation using NE566 IC
  5. FM  Demodulation
  6. Hartley Oscillator
  7. Colpitts oscillator
  8. Pulse Amplitude Modulator(PAM)
  9. Pulse Width Modulator(PWM)
  10. Pulse Position modulator(PPM)
  11. Second order Low Pass filter
  12. Second order High pass Filter
  13. Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)
  14. Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK)
  15. Phase Shift Keying(PSK)
  16. Voltage Controlled Oscillator(VCO)
  17. Frequency Synthesizer using PLL
  18. Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)
  19. Error Checking and Correcting Codes
  20. Adjustable Logic Delay
  21. CDMA Spreader/Despreader
  22. All Pass Filter
  23. Voltage Limiter
  24. Voltage-to-Current Converter
  25. Current-to-Voltage Converter

 

 

 

 

 

Semester - IV

 

Course

 Code

 

Course Name

Contact

Hours

Credits

1

EM4B12

First Core Course – 7

Instrumentation Electronics                (same as  EC4B17)

4

4

2

EM4B13

Second Core Course – 2

Fundamentals of Computer Systems

3

3

3

EM4B14

Second Core Course – 3

Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications

3

3

 

4

EM4C08

First Complementary Course - 4         (same as  MP4C0l)                 

Differential Equations, Group Theory and Legendre Polynomial

5

4

 

5

EM4C09

Second Complementary Course - 4

Computer Organization

3

3

6

EM4B15

Second Core Course Practical - 1

Intel 8085 Assembly Language Programming Lab

4

2

7

EM4B16

On the Job Training

 

3

1

Total

25

20

 

 

EM4B12           First Core Course – 7

 

INSTRUMENTATION ELECTRONICS    (same as EC4B17)

 

Aim of the course:

This course aims to impart an in-depth knowledge in the field of transducers, bridges, and electronic instruments.

Contact hours: 72 hours

Credits           : 4

 

Course Outline

Unit- I

Module I - Introduction                                                                                                   (6 Hours)

Generalized Measurement systems - Static and dynamic characteristics - units and standards of measurements - error analysis.

                                                                                       

Module II -Transducers                                                                                                (18 Hours)

Classification of transducers - Selecting a transducer-  Resistive, inductive and capacitive transducers - strain gauge and gauge factor, Temperature transducers - Thermistor, Thermo couples, LVDT, Displacement  Transducers, Piezo-Electric transducers 

 

Module III-Signal Conditioning                                                                                    (12 Hours)

Bridge measurements – Wheatstone Bridge, Maxwell, Hay, Schering, and Wien bridge,  Amplifiers - Chopper amplifiers       

 

Module IV- Data Acquisition and conversion                                                             (12 Hours)

Principle of operation of  DAC- Weighted resistor network- Binary Ladder – resolution- linearity offset-principle of operation of ADC- counter method, successive approximation, single slope and dual slope integration

 

Module –V Electronic Measurements and Display Instruments  `                            (12 Hours)

DC Voltmeter-DC Ammeter, Analog Multimeter, Digital Multimeter – Block reperesentation- Simple frequency Counter, Q meter – Basic Q meter circuit –Cathode ray Oscilloscopes - block schematic - special oscilloscopes - Storage oscilloscope, Graphic recorder and X-Y recorders.

               

Module VI Signal Generators and Analyzers                                                             (12 Hours)

Signal generators, RF signal generators, Sweep Frequency generators, Pulse generators, Simple frequency counter, Wave analyzer, Harmonic distortion analyzer, Spectrum analyzer.               

Text Books:

1. Albert D.Helfrick and William D.Cooper - Modern Electronic Instrumentation  

    and Measurement Techniques, Prentice Hall of India, 2003.

2. Electronic Instrumentation – H S Kalsi - TMH

 

Reference Text Books:

1.      Alan. S. Morris, Principles of Measurements and Instrumentation, Prentice  

    Hall of India, 2nd edn., 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

EM4B13    Second Core Course – 2   

 

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

 

Aim of the course:

This course aims to impart detailed knowledge on the functional hardware units of the computer

Contact hours: 54 hours

Credits            : 3

 

Course Outline

 

Module I                     Introduction to Computers                                                            (18 hrs)

History of Computers, Types and Generation of computers-micro, mini, main frame and super computers

Basic components of a digital computer (Block Diagram Explanation)

CPU – Basic components of  CPU – ALU, Control Unit, Registers, Clock Speed,                   Math Co-processor, internal math coprocessor

Memory:          RAM – SRAM, DRAM., EDO DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM

                        ROM – Mask ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, EAROM, Flash RAM, CMOS

Physical Memory Organization – DIP, SIMM, DIMM, SIPP, memory speed, memory capacity of the motherboard

Power supplies – SMPS, UPS

Module II                   Storage Devices                                                                               (18 hrs)

Hard Disk – HDD components – disk platter, Read/Write Head, head arm/head slider, spindle motor, logic board, air filter, head actuator mechanism

Disk Geometry –Sides or heads, track, cylinder, sectors

Disk Recording – Data Recording Method, Writing on and Reading from a magnetic disk

Data Encoding Methods – FM, MFM and RLL encoding scheme, Interleave, Skew

Hard disk Interfacing – IDE, SCSI controllers

Hard Disk Formatting – Low level and high level formatting

Other Secondary storage devices- Floppy Disks, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD

Expansion Bus/Slots – 8 bit ISA, EISA, Local Bus (VL Bus), PCI, AGP

ROM BIOS and Boot up Process – BIOS, POST, Disk Booting

Module III                  Input / Output Devices and Motherboard                                   (18 hrs)

Input/ Output Devices – Working of keyboard, mouse, joystick and track ball

Display Devices – working of monochrome and colour CRT, LCD Panel

Printer – Working of Dot Matrix, Laser, Inkjet, colour thermal and dye sublimation colour printers

Scanner – Flat bed, Sheet-fed and Hand-held scanners

Video Basics – Display Adaptor, memory and video subsystem, creating screen image, video display modes, Display resolution, use of colour

Motherboard – CPU Socket, Add-in Card bus slots for ISA, EISA, PCI, AGP, Memory and secondary cache sockets or chips, ROM BIOS and BIOS CMOS. Mother board clock, Back Plane I/O Ports for serial, parallel, mouse and keyboard ports, USB, On Board connectors for power, IDE bus, SCSI, Floppy, Battery

Text Books:

1.      Module I   -           Introduction to Computers- Peter Norton (TMH)

Peter Norton’s guide to upgrading and repairing PCs – Peter Norton

(Tech Media)

 

2.      Module II  -           Modern all About Hard Disk Drive – Lotia/Nair (BPB)

 

3.      Module III            -           Modern all About Printers – Lotia/Nair (BPB)

Modern all About MotherBoard – Lotia/Nair (BPB)

                              The Complete Reference PC Hardware– Zacker, Rourke (TMH)

                              Hardware Bible–Winn L. Rosch (QUE)

Reference Books:

  1. How a computer works – Ron White (QUE)
  2. The New Peter Norton’s Programming and Repairing PCs – Peter Norton (BPB)

 

 

 

 

EM4B14         Second Core Course – 3

 

MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE, PROGRAMMING AND APPLICATIONS             

Aim of the course:

This course aims to give a strong background about microprocessor Intel 8085 and to develop skill in assembly level programming

Contact hours: 54

Credits           : 3       

Course outline

Module I                                                                                                                              (18 hrs)

Microprocessor Architecture and its operations, Memory, Input/ Output devices, Example of a microcomputer system, Logic devices for interfacing

Intel 8085 Microprocessor - Architecture and memory interfacing, SDK-85 memory system

Interfacing I/O Devices- basic interfacing concepts, interfacing output displays, interfacing input devices, memory-mapped I/O and peripheral I/O

Module II                                                                                                                             (18 hrs)

The 8085 programming model, Instruction classification, Instruction, Data format and storage, Overview of Intel 8085 Instruction set

Intel 8085 Instructions- data transfer/copy operations, arithmetic operations, logic operations, branch operations, Writing assembly language programs, Debugging a program

Programming Techniques – Looping, Counting and Indexing, Additional data transfer and 16-bit arithmetic instructions, arithmetic operations related to memory, logic operations - rotate, compare, Dynamic debugging

Module III                                                                                                                            (18 hrs)

Counters and Time Delays – illustrative programs – hexadecimal counter, modulo-ten counter, illustrative program for generating pulse waveforms, debugging counter and time delay programs

Stack and Subroutines, conditional call and return instructions, advanced subroutine concepts

The Intel 8085 Interrupts- vectored interrupts, restart as software instructions, additional I/O concepts and processes

Basic concepts in serial I/O, software-controlled asynchronous serial I/O, the Intel 8085 –Serial I/O lines – SOD and SID, hardware-controlled serial I/O using programmable chips

Text Book:

Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications –        Ramesh S. Gaonkar

            (Penram International)

Reference Books:

1.      Fundamentals of Microprocessors and Microcomputers   –        B. Ram

(Dhanpatrai Publications)

2.      Introduction to Microprocessors                                        –        A.P. Mathur (TMH)

 

EM4C08         First Complementary Course – 4

 

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS, GROUP THEORY AND LEGENDRE POLYNOMIAL

(Common with Mathematics for B.Sc. Programme - MP4C0l)

 

 

 

 

EM4C09         Second Complementary Course – 4

 

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Aim of the course:

This course aims to give a strong background in the field of Microprocessor 8085 and to expertise in assembly level programming

Contact hours : 54

Credits             : 3     

Course outline

Module I         Introduction                                                                                                 (18 hrs)

 

Functional units of a computer – input unit, memory unit, arithmetic and logic unit, output unit, control unit – Basic operational concepts, Bus structures

Computer arithmetic – Adders – serial and parallel adders, Fast adders – carry look ahead adders, Multiplication – Booth algorithm, Division algorithms

 

Module II       Processing Unit                                                                                            (18 hrs)

Fundamental concepts- register transfers, performing an arithmetic or logic operation, fetching a word from memory, storing a word in memory, Execution of a complete instruction, Branch instructions, Hardwired control, Micro-programmed control

 

Module III      Input /Output and Memory Organization                                                (18 hrs)

Input /Output Organization

Accessing I/O devices, Interrupts – Interrupt hardware, Enabling and disabling of Interrupts – Handling multiple devices, Buses – synchronous and asynchronous, Interface circuits-parallel port, serial port

Memory Organization         

Memory systems – Basic concepts, Internal organization of memory chips, cache memory – mapping functions – direct mapping, associative mapping, set-associative mapping, Memory interleaving – hit rate and miss penalty, Virtual memory –organization, address translation

Text Book:

Computer Organization                       –         V. Hamacher  (McGraw Hill)

Reference Book:

Computer System Architecture          –         M. Morris Mano (Pearson Education)

 

EM4B15         Second Core Course Practical – 1

 

INTEL 8085 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING LAB

 

Aim of the course:

To equip the student with a practical knowledge of Intel 8085 microprocessor programming, its interfacing and applications

Contact hours : 72

Credits            : 2

List of Experiments

  1. Study of architecture of  Intel 8085 microprocessor
  2. Data Transfer Experiments
  3. Addition of two 8-bit and 16-bit numbers
  4. Addition of  N 8-bit numbers
  5. Subtraction of  two 8-bit and 16-bit numbers
  6. Multiplication of  two 8-bit and 16-bit numbers
  7. Division of two 8-bit numbers
  8. Odd or Even Number
  9. Positive or Negative Number
  10. Divisible or not
  11. Addition of two 8-bit and 16-bit BCD numbers
  12. Subtraction of two BCD numbers
  13. Searching of a number
  14. Sorting in ascending and descending order
  15. Largest and smallest number in a group
  16. Multi-byte addition
  17. Square root of a number
  18. Factorial of a number
  19. Hex  Counter
  20. Decimal up/down counter
  21. Modulo-ten counter
  22. Square wave Generator
  23. Traffic light Controller
  24. Stepper motor Controller
  25. DAC and ADC Interfacing

 

 

 

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