MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

PRIYADARSHINI HILLS, KOTTAYAM 686 560

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM

AND SYLLABI IN

CHOICE BASED COURSE

 &

 CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM

FOR

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES

AND INTRODUCTION OF GRADING

 IN

ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

2009 ADMISSION ONWARDS

CONTENTS

A. Model I B.Sc. Zoology Programme

         COURSE STRUCTURE

Scheme of Examination

Syllabus – (1) Zoology Core Courses 1-12

Theory

Practical

                          (2) Zoology core choice based courses

                          (3) Zoology open courses for other streams

4. B. Sc. Zoology Complementary courses for Botany Model I

5. B. Sc. Zoology Complementary courses for Botany Model II

Scheme of Examination

Syllabus

Theory

Practical

B. Biological Techniques and Specimen preparation – UGC Sponsored.

C. Model II B.Sc. Zoology Programme (Vocational)

1. Aquaculture
2. Food Microbiology
3. Medical Microbiology

Subjects – work distribution,

Scheme of Examination and Syllabus

Core subject – Zoology

Vocational Subjects

Complementary Subjects

D.  Double core  B.Sc. Zoology and Industrial Microbiology. 

Report of the Board of Studies 

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

Programme Objectives

The B.Sc. Zoology programme is designed to help the students to:

1. Impart basic knowledge of various branches of Zoology and General biology meant both for a graduate terminal course and for higher studies.
2. Inculcate interest in and love of nature with its myriad living creatures.
3. Understand the unity of life with the rich diversity of organisms and their ecological and evolutionary significance
4. Acquire  basic skills in the observation and study of nature, biological techniques, experimental skills and scientific investigation
5. Acquire  basic knowledge and skills in certain applied  branches to enable them for self employment
6. Impart awareness of the conservation of the biosphere.

Programme Outcomes

The graduate of this programme should be able to

1. Identify and list out common animals
2. Explain various physiological changes in our bodies
3. Analyze the impact of environment on our bodies
4. Understand  various genetic  abnormalities
5. Develop respect for nature
6. Explain the role and impact  of different environmental  conservation programmes
7. Identify animals beneficial to humans
8. Identify various potential risk factors to health of humans
9. Explain the importance of genetic engineering

10.        Use tools of information technology for all activities related to zoology

Comments

1. These outcomes do not naturally get translated into specific courses
2. Designing courses to meet these outcomes is very difficult task and would constitute significant deviation from the current  text book based approaches.

Course structure:   

The U.G.programme in Zoology must include (a) Common Courses, (b) Core Courses, (c) Complementary Courses, (d) Open Courses and (e) Project. No course shall carry more than 4 credits. The student shall select any Choice Based Course offered by the Department which offers the core courses, depending on the availability of teachers and infrastructure facilities, in the institution. Open course shall be offered in any subject and the student shall have the option to do courses offered by other Departments/ or by the same Department.

Course coding:

Every course in the programme is coded according to the following criteria.

1. The first letter plus second letter /another letter from the programme ie., ZY
2. One digit to indicate the semester. ie.,  ZY1 (Zoology, 1^st semester)
3. One letter from the type of courses such as, A for common course, B for core course, C for Complementary course, D for Open course. ie..,  ZY1B (Zoology, 1^st semester Core course)
4. Two digits to indicate the course number of that semester. ie..,  ZY1BO1 (Zoology, 1^st semester, Core course, course number is 01)
5. The letter U to indicate for Under Graduate Programme.
6. One letter V for the Vocational course
7. ie.,  ZY1BO1U (Zoology, 1^st semester, Core course, courses number 01, U for UG Programme)
8. The letter (P) denotes practical

ZOOLOGY CODES

Code

ZY                Zoology

ZYB              Zoology Core Course

                   Zoology Core, Choice Based (ZY6B13U/ZY6B14U/ZY6B14U)       

ZYB (P)         Zoology Core Practical                                                        

ZYD    Zoology Open Course 

                   (ZY5D01U/ZY5DO2U/ZY5DO3U)               

ZYC              Zoology Complementary Zoology 

                    (ZY1CO1U/ZY2CO2U/ZY3CO3U/ZY4CO4U)

ZYC (P)         Zoology Complementary Zoology Practical ‘Model I’

                    (ZY1CO1U [P]/ZY2CO2U [P]/ZY3CO3U [P]/ZY4CO4U [P])

ZAV              Zoology Vocational Aquaculture

ZMV             Zoology Vocational    Medical Microbiology

ZFV              Zoology Vocational Food Microbiology

ZBV              UGC Sponsored Vocational – Biological Techniques and Specimen preparation.

ZY6BPVU    Zoology 6^th semester core project viva undergraduate.

ZYCV            Zoology Complementary Zoology for Vocational (Model II)

                   (ZY1CVO1U/ZY2CVO2U/ZY3CVO3U/ZY4CVO4U)

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT, FIELD STUDY/ (STUDY TOUR) AND GROUP ACTIVITY

  A. Study tour/ field study, visit to research institute and various places of zoological Importance

        Field study/study tours should be conducted for not less than 6 days (completed during the entire programme), preferably spreading the study in the first to sixth semesters. Students are expected to visit at least 3 research institutes and various places of zoological importance.

B. Group Activity

         Students are expected to do one group activity in the fifth semester and submit the report in the sixth semester for external practical examination, along with study tour report

             A maximum of ten students can choose any one group activity like aquarium management, vermicomposting, bee keeping, and conduct of zoological exhibitions, designing of posters of zoological importance, surveys related to disease outbreaks, community health programmes or any matter of zoological interest.

C. Project Work

          Each student is expected to complete 1 investigatory project in the sixth semester and report shall be submitted for the external practical examination. Viva- Voce will be conducted by the external examiners along with the 6^th semester practical examinations. The projects are to be identified during the second semester of the programme with the help of the supervising teacher, and the work can be started latest by the beginning of the 3^rd semester. The student has to maintain a log book showing the progress of the project work, duly signed by the supervising teacher, at bimonthly intervals and may be shown to the external examiners on demand.

     For A, B and C- total 36 hours and total 1 credit (18 hours in 5^th semester and 18 hours in 6^th semester). 

Zero Credit Courses:

          Zero Credit courses shall be included in the programme to encourage advanced learners and shall be indicated in the score sheet. Permission for obtaining Zero credit courses shall be in accordance with the rules and regulations of the University. The Zero Credit courses shall be done only under the supervision of a university approved permanent faculty member of the department which offers the core courses.

Examinations:

The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts such as Internal or In-Semester Assessment (IA) and External or End-Semester Assessment (EA). The ratio between internal and external examinations shall be 1:3. The Internal and External examinations shall be evaluated using Direct Grading system based on 5-point scale  as given below.

           The overall grade for a programme for certification shall be based on CGPA with a 7-point scale given below

          A separate minimum of D grade for internal and external are required for a pass for a course.  For a pass in a programme a separate minimum of Grade D  is required for all the courses  and must score a minimum  CGPA of 2.00 or an overall grade of C+ and above.

Internal or In-Semester Assessment (IA):

Internal evaluation is to be done by continuous assessments on the following components. The Components of the internal evaluation for theory and practical and their weights are as below.

Theory

*Attendance

Assignments: Best of two assignments are considered per course. The student has to take a minimum of 1 seminar per course. A minimum of 2 class tests are to be attended. The grades of best 2 tests are to be taken.

Practical

*Attendance & Laboratory Involvement **

The evaluation of all components is to be published and is to be acknowledged by the candidate.  All documents of internal assessments are to be kept in the institution for 2 years and shall be made available for verification by the university.  The responsibility of evaluating the internal assessment is vested on the teacher(s) who teach the course.

External or End-Semester Assessment (EA):

The external examination of all semesters shall be conducted by the university on the close of each semester. There will be no supplementary exams.  For reappearance/ improvement as per university rules, students can appear along with the next batch.

Examinations (Practical):

       The practical examinations for the core courses at the end of semester 1, semester 2, semester 3 and semester 4 should be conducted by the university with a common time-table and questions set by the university. One examiner shall be selected from a panel of experts published by the university and the other internally. The graded score sheet, duly certified by the head of the institution, should be sent to the university before the commencement of the end semester university examinations on theory courses. The practical examinations for the core courses at the end of semester 5 and semester 6 should be conducted externally by arranging two practical examinations in a session.

       The practical examinations for the complementary courses at the end of semester 1, semester 2 and semester 3 should be conducted by the university with a common time-table and questions set by the university. One examiner shall be selected from a panel of experts published by the university and the other internally.. The graded score sheet, duly certified by the head of the institution, should be sent to the university before the commencement of the end semester university examinations on theory courses. The practical examinations for the complementary courses at the end of semester 4 should be conducted externally.

Pattern of Questions (Theory):

          Questions shall be set to assess knowledge acquired, standard application of knowledge, application of knowledge in new situations, critical evaluation of knowledge and the ability to synthesize knowledge.  The question setter shall ensure that questions covering all skills are set.  He/She shall also submit a detailed scheme of evaluation along with the question paper.

          A question paper shall be a judicious mix of objective type, short answer type, short essay type /problem solving type and long essay type questions. Different types of questions shall be given different weights to quantify their range.

For all semesters:

1. The examination has duration of 3 hours
2. Each question paper has four parts A, B, C & D.
3. Part A contains 16 objective type questions of which the candidate has to answer all. Each bunch of 4 questions carries a weightage of 1

4. Part B contains 8 short answer type questions spanning the entire syllabus and the candidate has to answer 5 questions. Each question carries a weight of 1.
5. Part C contains 6 short essay type spanning the entire syllabus and the candidate has to answer 4 questions. Each question carries a weight of 2.
6. Part D contains 3 essay type questions spanning the entire syllabus and the candidate has to answer 2 questions. Each question carries a weight of 4.

Evaluation of problems in the grading system:

          Numerical problems in Biostatistics & Bioinformatics  shall be graded in the following way.

1. Correct formula with correct substitution and answer             :     A
2. Correct formula with correct substitution and

answer but wrong or no unit.                                                  :     B

3. Correct formula with correct substitution and wrong answer  :     C
4. Formula alone is correct                                                         :     D
5. Even formula is incorrect                                                       :     E

Evaluation of practical examinations:

The Board of Examiners constituted by the University shall have the freedom for formulating the scheme of evaluation of the concerned practical examination.

Student Strength for practical:

There shall be at least one teacher to supervise a batch of not more than 15 students in each laboratory session.

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM FOR

B.Sc. DEGREE IN ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

COURSE STRUCTURE 

SCHEME OF INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS AND CREDITS

(TOTAL CREDITS 120)

Semester I                                                                                   Total Credits 20

Semester 2                                                                                       Total Credits 20

Semester 3                                                                                       Total Credits 20

Semester 4                                                                                Total Credits 20

 Semester 5                                                               

  Total Credits 20

Semester 6                                                                               Total Credits 20

B.Sc.  ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

CORE COURSES

SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL HOURS

RECORDS

1. General Methodology and Instrumentation
2. Biodiversity and Modern Systematics
3. Animal Diversity -  Non-Chordata
4. Animal Diversity  - Chordata
5. Cell Biology and Molecular Biology
6. Environmental Biology, Toxicology  and Disaster  Management
7. Evolution, Zoogeography and Ethology
8. Biochemistry, Human Physiology and Endocrinology
9. Reproductive and Developmental Biology

10.        Genetics and Biotechnology

11.        Microbiology and Immunology

12.        Computer  Application, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics

Each Record will be having external and internal evaluation. A total of one credit is allotted for each record and the respective practical.    

CORE COURSES

SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS AND CREDIT

Students are free to choose any Research Topic related with courses of Zoology programme for their investigatory project work in consultation with their supervising teacher.

COMPLEMENTARY ZOOLOGY COURSES FOR B.Sc BOTANY (MODEL II) OFFERED BY ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION THEORY (CORE COURSE)

SCHEME OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS

University Practical Examinations will be conducted at the end of

each semester

A. Scheme of Practical Examinations at the end of 1, 2, 3 & 4 semester

                                                                             Weightage ratio 1:3

B. Scheme of Practical Examinations at the end of 5th Semester

C. Scheme of Practical Examinations at the end of 6th Semester

SCHEME OF PRACTICAL CORE COURSES

                                          (External exam)

External                                                            Weightage: 25  

FIELD STUDY, RESEARCH INSTITUTE VISIT, GROUP ACTIVITY, PROJECT AND VIVA            (Credit 1)

Weightage

B.Sc ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

 MODEL - I

SYLLABI

SEMESTER I

ZY1B01U Core Course I

GENERAL METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVES IN SCIENCE

                   36 hrs

 Credits 2

Objectives

·         To make aware of the basic philosophy of science, its history, concepts and scope

·         To develop proper scientific mind, culture and work habits

·         To familiarize with the basic tools and techniques of scientific study with emphasis on biological sciences

Pre-requisite:

• Basic knowledge on various sciences and definitions of scientific terms
• An awareness on role of research in science

PART – I BIOLOGY - THE LIFE SCIENCE                                       25 Hrs

Module I.      Science and Scientific Studies                                            (4 hrs)

Types of knowledge: practical, theoretical, and scientific knowledge. Information.

What is science; what is not science; laws of science.

Basis for scientific laws and factual truths.

Science as a human activity, scientific temper, empiricism.

Vocabulary of science, science disciplines.

Revolutions in Science and Technology                              

Core Readings

 Bowler Peter J. and Iwan Rhys Morus. 2005 Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey.  University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL:

Ernst Mayr 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution and Inheritance.  Published by Harvard University Press.

Ervin Schrodinger 1944. What is life? Mind and Matter.  Cambridge University Press.

Jacques Monod 1971.  Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology.  Vintage Pub. NY

Kuhn, Thomas. 1996 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3rd ed.: University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

Taylor, Green, Stout (2008) Biological Science, Cambridge University, Press, p 951.

Thomas, A.P. (Editor) 2009. Biology – Perspectives and Methods.  Green Leaf Pubslishers, Kottayam.

Module II.     What is Biology?                                                                   (4 hrs)

Life and its manifestations.

History of Biology   

Biology in ancient times

Landmarks in the progress of Biology

Branches of Biology

Core Readings

Bowler Peter J. and Iwan Rhys Morus. 2005 Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey.  University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL:

Ernst Mayr 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution and Inheritance.  Published by Harvard University Press.

Ernst Myer. 1997.  This is Biology: The Science of the living World. University Press, Hyderabad, India

Ernst Myer. 1997.  This is Biology: The Science of the living World. University Press, Hyderabad, India

Kuhn, Thomas. 1996 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 3rd ed.: University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

Thomas, A.P. (Editor) 2009. Biology – Perspectives and Methods.  Green Leaf Pubslishers, Kottayam.

Module III. Tools and Techniques in Biology                               (12 hrs)

Scientific drawing -Purpose and principle

Basic understanding on principle and uses of the following:

Microscopy (a) Light microscopy,

Bright field (Compound Microscope), Phase contrast, Dark field microscopy, Fluorescence, Polorization microscopy, Video microscopy.

     (b) Electron - Scanning (SEM), Transmission (TEM) and STEM

          Micrometry – Stage and Eyepiece micrometers

          Camera Lucida

          Instrumentation

        - pH Meter

             Separation Techniques

        - Centrifuge

        - Chromatography

        - Electrophoresis

               Analytical techniques

         - Colorimeter

         -  Spectrophotometer

         -  X-ray crystallography

Core readings

Aggarwal S.K, 2009 Foundation Course in Biology Ane’s Students Edition P- 79-93.

Eldon D. Enger, Frederick C. Ross and David Bailey 2008(Eleventh Edition) Concepts in Biology. Tata – McGraw Hill, New Delhi

Taylor, Green, Stout (2008) Biological Science, Cambridge University, Press, p 161-163

Wilson & Walkar 2008 Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Cambridge University Press. Chapters 9,10,11,15.

Zoological Society of Kerala Study Material 2002 – Cell Biology, Genetics & Biotechnology. Chapter- 2 Tools and Techniques.

Module IV. Animal Collection techniques                                               (5 hrs)

                     - Collection methods, techniques and equipments

                                      Plankton

                             Insects

                             Fish

                             Bird

                     - Preservation techniques – Taxidermy 

                     - Rearing techniques

                         Laboratory and field.

Core Readings

Killick, H.J. 1971. Beginning ecology. Ibadan University Press.

Thomas, A.P. (Editor) 2009. Biology – Perspectives and Methods.  Green Leaf Pubslishers, Kottayam.

PART II: BIOLOGY AND RESEARCH                                                  (11 hrs)

Module V. Bioethics                                                                                        (5 hrs)          

Introduction

Animal rights and animal laws in India.

Prevention of cruelty to animals Act 1960

Wildlife protection act 1972 and Amendments

Biodiversity Act 2003.

Concept of 3 R – conservation  (Refined-  to minimize suffering, Reduced – to  minimize animals, Replaced – modern tools and alternate means )        

Animal use in research and education.

Laboratory animal use, care and welfare

Animal protection initiatives

Animal Welfare, Animal Welfare Board, India CPCSEA

Working with Humans, harm, risk, and benefits.Consent.

Special Cases: Children and Vulnerable people, Equality, Anonymity, Confidentiality, Information Storage and dissemination

Human Rights Act-1995, 1998.

Right to information- 2005.

Core Readings

Debbies Holmes, Peter Moody and Diana Dine    2006 Research methods for the Biosciences. International student   Edition: Oxford University Press. P. 288-299.

Marie, M.  2005.  Animal Bioethics: Principles and Teaching Methods Wageningen Academic Publishers

Module VI. Research Methodology                                                           (5 hrs)  

Scientific method

Research Projects- Steps and process. Types.

Research Communication

Research report writing (Structure of a scientific paper)

Presentation techniques

Project proposal writing

Assignment, seminar, debate, workshop, colloquium, Conference

-          Brief description and major differences

Core Readings

Anderson, J,  Durston, B.H. and Poole, M. 1992.  Thesis and assignment writing.  Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Debbies Holmes, Peter Moody and Diana Dine    2006  Research methods for the Biosciences. International student   Edition: Oxford University Press. Chapters.1-8.

Hawkins C. and Sorgi, M. 1987.  Research: How to plan, speak and write about it. Narosa Publishing House.

Ruxton, G.D. and Colegrave, N. 2006.  Experimental design for the life sciences. Oxford University Press. Chapters 1-6.

Module VII. Units of measurements                                                        (1 hr)

          Calculations and related conversions of each:

                     - Metric system- length; surface; weight

                 - Square measures

                             - Cubic measures (volumetric)

                - Circular or angular measure

                - Concentrations- percent volume; ppt; ppm

                - Chemical – molarity, normality

                - Temperature- Celsius, centigrade, Fahrenheit

Core readings

D.K. Illustrated Oxford Dictionary.2006 Chapter on Measurements p-968.

Knut Schimidt – Nielsen 2007 Animal Physiology,  5^th Edition, Appendix -A

Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O, Stout G.W. Editor R. S. Oper,  2008  Biological science ( Third edition Cambridge University press. P-960

Selected Further Readings

Aggarwal. S.K. 2009 Foundation Course in Biology,  2^nd Ed.. Ane’s Student Edition. Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. 

Anderson, J, Durston, B.H. and Poole, M. 1992.  Thesis and assignment writing.  Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Bowler Peter J., and Iwan Rhys Morus. 2005 Making Modern Science: A Historical Survey. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL:

Day, R.A. 1993.  How to write and publish a scientific paper.  Cambridge University Press. (Module VI)

Day, R.A. 2000.  Scientific English: A guide for Scientists and other Professionals.  Universities Press. (Module VI)

Debbies Holmes, Peter Moody and Diana Dine    2006  Research methods for the Biosciences. International student   Edition : Oxford University Press .

Eldon D. Enger ,Frederick C. Ross and David Bailey 2008 (Eleventh Edition) Concepts in Biology .Tata-McGraw Hill , New Delhi.( Module VII, II & III)

Ernst Mayr 1982.  The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Published by Harvard University Press.

Ernst Myer .1997. This is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Universities Press,   Hyderabad, India

Ervin Schrodinger 1944. What is life? Mind and Matter. Cambridge University Press

Gupta K.C, Bhamrah, H.S and G.S.Sandhu 2006.Research Techniques in Biological Sciences. Dominant Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

Hawkins C. and Sorgi, M. 1987.  Research: How to plan, speak and write about it. Narosa Publishing House.

Jacques Monod 1971. Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. Vintage Pub. NY

Kuhn, Thomas.  1996 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed.: University of Chicago Press, Chicago, ILMarie, M.  2005.  Animal Bioethics: Principles and Teaching Methods Wageningen Academic Publishers

Michael Roberts,Tim King and Michael Reiss.1994.Practical Biology for Advance Level. Thomas Nelson  and Sons Ltd. Surrey, UK.

Ruxton, G.D. and Colegrave, N. 2006.  Experinmental design for the life sciences. Oxford University Press.

Sateesh, M.K.  2008  Bioethics and Biosafety;  I.K. International Publishing House (Module V)

Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O, Stout G.W. Editor R. S. Oper, 2008 Biological science (Third edition Cambridge University press

ZY1B01U [P] Practical I: General Methodology and Instrumentation

 36 hours

Credit 1

1.      Study of simple and compound light microscopes

2.      Micrometry –calibration and  measurement of microscopic objects –low power

3.      Camera Lucida (draw a few diagrams using Camera Lucida)

4.      Paper chromatography (demonstration only)

5.      Instrumentation – demonstration (write notes on principle, equipment and its use)

pH Meter

Colorimeter/ Spectrophotometer

Centrifuge

Electrophoresis

6.      Scientific drawing (representatives from any five taxa)

7.      Insect Preservation techniques (Group Activity)

SEMESTER II

ZY2B02U Core Course 2

BIODIVERSITY AND MODERN SYSTEMATICS

 36 hrs

Credits 2

Objectives:

·         To create appreciation on diversity of life on earth

·         To understand different levels of biological diversity

·         To familiarize taxa level identification of animals

·         To learn biodiversity estimation techniques

·         To create interest for conservation of biodiversity

Pre requisite:

• Basic knowledge on the living world, plant and animal kingdom
• Knowledge on biodiversity and its conservation
• Knowledge on biological classification and representative organism of major taxa

PART I: BIODIVERSITY                                                                    (26 Hrs )                                                                                             

Module I – Introduction to Biodiversity                                          (2 hrs)

Definition

Historical perspective

Concepts –

           Nature – environment – biodiversity

     Scope and importance

Core Readings

Chapman J.L. & M.J. Reiss  2006 Ecology, Principles and Applications. Sec Edition Cambridge University Press.

Supriyo Chakraborty.2004   Biodiversity. Pointer  Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Wilson E.O., 1988 (Editor).Biodiversity. National  Academy press, Washington DC, USA.

  Module II – Levels of biodiversity                                                          (5 hrs)

     Genetic, Species, Ecosystem

     Domesticated, Microbial diversity

     Distribution of biodiversity on earth

     Tropical, temperate and polar

     Landscapes and interactions

     Biodiversity hotspots

Core Readings

Chapman J.L. & M.J. Reiss  2006 Ecology, Principles and Applications. Sec Edition Cambridge University Press.

Myers, Norman.1984. The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future. W.W. Nortan & Company, NY.

Myers,N., Mittermiere,R.A., Mittermeier,C.G., Dea Fonseca,G.A.B and J.Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403:853-858.

Supriyo Chakraborty.2004   Biodiversity. Pointer  Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Wilson E.O., 1988 (Editor).Biodiversity. National  Academy press, Washington DC, USA.

Module III – Values of biodiversity                                                          (4 hrs)

     Direct use value

     Indirect use value

     Non use value

     Ecosystem services

Core Readings

Myers, Norman.1984. The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future. W.W. Nortan & Company, NY.

Myers,N., Mittermiere,R.A., Mittermeier,C.G., Dea Fonseca,G.A.B and J.Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403:853-858.

Supriyo Chakraborty.2004   Biodiversity. Pointer  Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Module IV – Threats to biodiversity                                                         (5 hrs)

     Types of threats

        Habitat loss, man- wildlife conflict (with case studies)

        Invasive species

        Pollution

       Over exploitation and human population

       Climate change

Core Readings

Chapman J.L. & M.J. Reiss  2006 Ecology, Principles and Applications. Sec Edition Cambridge University Press.

Wilson E.O., 1988 (Editor).Biodiversity. National  Academy press, Washington DC, USA.

Module V – Biodiversity conservation and management                     (6 hrs)

Conservation strategies

In situ, ex situ

National parks, Sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves

     International efforts 

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

          IUCN- WCMC, UNEP

Legal measures

      Wild life Protection Act, 1972

        The Environment Protection Act, 1986

        Forest (Conservation) Act1980, 1988

                   Biodiversity Act 2002

                   Biodiversity rule 2004

National biodiversity action plan

  People’s participation – Peoples biodiversity register (PBR)

           Local initiatives

   Core Readings

Andrew S. Pullin 2002. Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Chapman J.L. & M.J. Reiss  2006 Ecology, Principles and Applications. Sec Edition Cambridge University Press.

Wilson E.O., 1988 (Editor).Biodiversity. National  Academy press, Washington DC, USA

Module VI – Biodiversity estimation – tools and techniques (4 hrs)

     Sampling techniques -

             Quadrate

   Line transect

     Measurements

   Density

   Abundance

   Frequency

     Biodiversity indices – concepts

             Shannon-Weiner, Simpson

Core Readings

Anne E. Magurran 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity .Blackwell Publishing, MA, USA.

PART II – MODERN TAXONOMY                                          (10 hrs)

Module VII – Taxonomical Principles                                                       (6 hrs)

Brief history

Concepts and definition

Approaches of taxonomy

Molecular taxonomy

Importance of classification

Phylogeny and Taxonomy– Tree of Life, bar coding of life

Zoological nomenclature

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

Core Readings

Kapoor ,V.C.1998. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH Pub.Co, New Delhi.

Module VIII – Tools and techniques                                                         (4 hrs)

      Identification Keys

Dichotomous keys (Single access key)

Polytomous key

Multi access key

Advantages and disadvantages

Core Readings

Kapoor ,V.C.1998. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH Pub.Co, New Delhi.

Selected Further Readings

Andrew S. Pullin 2002. Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Anne E. Magurran 2004. Measuring  Biological Diversity .Blackwell Publishing, MA, USA.

Chapman J.L. & M.J. Reiss  2006 Ecology, Principles and Applications. Sec Edition Cambridge University Press.

Daily,G.C. (Ed.), 1997.Nature’s Services : Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington  D C.

Forman, R.T and M. Gordaon. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley &Sons, NY, USA.

Kapoor ,V.C.1998. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH Pub.Co, New Delhi.

Kapoor ,V.C.1998. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH Pub.Co, New Delhi.

Karunakaran, C.K. 2003. Politics of vanishing forests in Kerala.  Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishat, Thiruvananthapuram.

Land resource based perspective plan for 2020 AD.  Kerala State Land Use Board, Thiruvananthapuram

Myers, Norman.1984. The Primary Source: Tropical Forests and Our Future. W.W. Nortan & Company, NY.

Myers,N., Mittermiere,R.A., Mittermeier,C.G., Dea Fonseca,G.A.B and J.Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403:853-858.

Nair, K.N.S  and Parameswaran,P.1976. Keralathinte Sampath ( Wealth of Kerala). Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishad, Trivandrum, Kerala.

Nair, M.P., Pushpangathan, P., Rajasekharan, S.,Narayanan Nair.K. and Dan Mathew.  “Jaivavaividhyam” (Biodiversity).  State Institute of Languages, Thiruvananthapuram

State of the Environment Report, Kerala.  (Annual Publication), Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Thiruvananthapuram

Supriyo Chakraborty.2004   Biodiversity. Pointer  Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Wilson E.O., 1988 (Editor).Biodiversity. National  Academy press, Washington DC, USA.

Web Resources

ZY2B02U [P] Practical 2

BIODIVERSITY AND MODERN SYSTEMATICS

                                                 36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Quadrate study

2. Transect study

3. Sampling

4. Species area curve

5. Identification using keys

          Insect

          Fish

          Snake

6. Taxa, identification techniques

Bird body parts

Butterfly/ dragonfly body parts and venation

7. Simple identification of any 20 animals (local – represent all taxa)

          Common name and scientific name

8. Field study (compulsory)

          Visit to two important areas of biodiversity

          Report on local biodiversity conservation efforts

          Eg. Sacred grooves, medicinal plant garden

Report should be submitted by each student

 SEMESTER III

ZY3B03U CORE COURSE   3

ANIMAL DIVERSITY- NON CHORDATA

Objectives                                                                       54 hrs.  Credits 3              

1.  To study the scientific classification of invertebrate fauna.

2.  To learn the physiological and anatomical peculiarities of some invertebrate phyla through type study.

3.  To learn the evolutionary significance of various invertebrate fauna

4.  To stimulate the curiosity in living things around them.

MODULE   I

Introduction:    Briefly mention the following                                       (2 hrs)                                                   

Classification – Keys and Principles.

Nomenclature (Uninominal, Binomial, & Trinomial), Law of Priority.

Two kingdom and Five kingdom classification.

Symmetry - Asymmetry, Spherical, Radial, Biradial and Bilateral 

Coelom – Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates and Eucoelomates

Schizocoelom, Enterocoelom., Protostomia and Deuterostomia

Kingdom   Protista  Type: Paramecium                                   (10hrs)                                                                                                                         

(Mention any  five general characters for each phylum. Detailed accounts of examples are not necessary.)

General Topics : (1)Parasitic Protozoans (2). Life cycle of Plasmodium

Kingdom    Animalia     Outline classification of Kingdom Animalia.  (1hr)

Three branches - Mesozoa, parazoa, Eumetazoa.

Core Readings

Dhami.P.S. and Dhami J.K. 1979 Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co. Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual  of  Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

MODULE II

Mesozoa   - Eg.  Rhopalura.

Phylum    Porifera.                                                                              (3 hrs)

Classification upto classes.

Class I- Calcarea.   Eg.  Sycon., Class II – Hexactinellida .  Eg. Euplectella.

Class III – Demospongia   Eg. Cliona.

General Topics

1. Reproduction in sponges 2.  Canal system in sponges.

Phylum   Coelenterata       Type:  Obelia                                                     (6hrs)

Classification upto classes.

Class I -  Hydrozoa         Eg. Halistemma. Class II – Scyphozoa      Eg. Rhizostoma.   Class III- Anthozoa        Eg. Fungia.

General Topics: Coral and coral reefs with special reference to conservation of reef fauna.

2. Polymorphism in Coelenterates

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual  of  Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

MODULE III

Phylum   Ctenophora.                                                                                    ( 1 hr)

                Eg.  Pleurobrachia.

Phylum   Platyhelminthes                                                                          (3hrs)

Classification upto classes.

Class I - Turbellaria.     Eg.  Planaria.

Class II – Trematoda      Eg. Fasciola

Class III- Cestoda          Eg. Taenia  saginata.

General  Topics-

1. Life history of Fasciola hepatica.

2. Platyhelminth parasites of Man and Dog  (Schistosoma, Taenia solium, Echinococcus ).

Phylum  Nematoda                                                                                   (3hrs)                                   Class phasmidia  Eg.  Enterobius, Ascaris

Class Aphasmidia Eg. Trichinella

General  Topic-

Pathogenic nematodes. (Wuchereria bancrofti, Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichinella).

Phylum   Annelida                                                                                   (2 hrs)

Classification upto classes.

Class I-   Archiannelida            Eg.  Polygordius

Class II – Polychaeta                         Eg. Chaetopterus

ClassIII- Oligochaeta                        Eg.  Megascolex.

Class IV - Hirudinomorpha              Eg. Ozobranchus,Hirudinaria

  Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual  of  Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

MODULE   IV                                                                               (12 hrs)    

 Phylum-    Onychophora

    Eg. Peripatus (Mention its affinities).

Phylum    Arthropoda                                                                                   

Type:  Panaeus

Classification upto classes.

Divided into 4  subphyla.

1. Sub Phylum -    Trilobitomorpha

           Class -        Trilobita (mention salient features).

2. Sub Phylum- Mandibulata

          Class I – Crustacea       Eg.  Sacculina

          Class II- Chilopoda       Eg. Centipede (Scolopendra)

          Class III – Symphyla     Eg. Scutigerella

          Class IV – Diplopoda     Eg. Millipede   (Spirostreptus)

          Class V - Insecta            Eg. Dragon fly

           Class VI – Pauropoda    Eg. Pauropus

3. Sub Phylum  - Chelicerata

         Class - Merostomata     Eg. Limulus

         Class II – Arachnida        Eg. Scorpion

General Topics

1.      Vectorial Arthropods

2.      Larval forms of Penaeus

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual  of  Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

MODULE  V

Phylum    Mollusca                                                                                               (4 hrs)

Classification upto classes

Class I-   Monoplacophora     Eg. Neopilina

Class II- Amphineura              Eg. Chiton

Class III- Gastropoda               Eg. Aplysia

Class IV- Scaphopoda              Eg. Dentalium

Class V- Pelecypoda                Eg. Pinctada

Ciass VI- Cephalopoda            Eg. Sepia

General Topic-

Pearl formation and culture

Phylum Echinodermata                                                                                     (4 hrs)

Classification upto classes

Class I- Asteroidea                 Eg. Astropecten

Class II- Ophiuroidea             Eg. Ophiothrix

Class III- Echinoidea               Eg. Echinus

Class IV- Holothuroidea          Eg. Holothuria

Class V – Crinoidea                 Eg. Antedon

General Topics

1. Water vascular system.

2. Larval forms of Echinoderms

Minor Phyla                                                                                                  ( 2 hrs) 

1. Chaetognatha                Eg.  Sagitta

2. Sipunculida                     Eg.  Sipunculus

3. Rotifera                             Eg. Brachionus

Phylum   Hemichordata                                                                               (1 hr)   

                Eg.  Balanoglossus

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual  of  Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

Selected Further Readings

Anderson D.T. 2001Invertebrate  Zoology Sec  Edition Oxford University  Press

Barnes R.D. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. W. B. Saunders. New York.

Dhami.P.S. and Dhami J.K. 1979 Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand and Co. New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar M. 1990. A Manual  of  Zoology. Volume i. Invertebrate part I and part II. S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers. Pvt. Ltd.

Hyman L. H. The Invertebrate Volumes. Mc Graw Hill.

Jordan. E. L.,  and Verma P.S. 2000. Invertebrate zoology. S. Chand and Co. ltd., New Delhi.

Kotpal R. L, Agarval S. K. and  R. P. Khetharpal 2002. Modern Textbook of Zoology.

Kotpal.R. L., 1988-92 ( All series). Rastogi Publishers, Meerut.

Parker & Haswell. Textbook of Zoology. Invertebrate . Vol. I 7^th Edition.

ZY3B03U [P] Practical 3

ANIMAL DIVERSITY- NON CHORDATA                        

 36 hrs.

Credit 1

Scientific   Drawing:-

Make scientific drawings of 5 locally available invertebrate specimens belonging to different phyla.

Anatomy:-

Study of sections. (Any two)

1. Hydra.

2. Ascaris

3. Earthworm

4. Fasciola

Dissections

1. Prawn          -   Nervous system

2. Cockroach   -   Nervous system

Mounting:-

1. Nereis        - Parapodia

2. Cockroach - Salivary glands

3. Mouth parts –Plant bug/ House fly / Mosquito.  (Any Two)

4. Prawn appendages.

Identification:-

General identification- The students are expected to identify the following Phylum –wise number of animals by their generic names and 20% of these by their specific names. Protista -2, Porifera-1, Coelenterata-2, Platyhelminthes-1, Annelida-2, Arthropoda-3, Mollusca- 2, Echinodermata-2

Taxonomic identification with key:-

Identification of insects up to the level of order.

SEMESTER IV

ZY4B04U CORE COURSE 4

ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA

54 Hrs

3 Credits

Objectives

1.  To make the student observe the diversity in chordates and their systematic position.

2.  To make them aware of the economic importance of some classes.

MODULE I

Introduction                                                                                         (1 Hr)

Phylum Chordata - General classification

(Classification up to order – Sub phylum, Super class, Class, Subclass, Order)

1.     Sub phylum : Urochordata                                                (3 Hrs)

 Class I         Larvacea       Eg. Oikopleura

Class II        Ascidiacea      Eg: Ascidia (Mention Retrogressive Metamorphosis)

              Class III         Thaliacea       Eg: Doliolum

2.     Sub phylum: Cephalochordata                                        (2 Hrs)

      Example -             Amphioxus

Core Readings

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol. II .S. Viswanathan and Co.

Young J.Z, 1981, The Life of Vertebrates Oxford University Press.

Young J.Z. 2006   The life of Vertebrates Oxford University  Press (Third Ed.) India Ed.                                                                                                   

MODULE II

3.     Sub phylum:  Vertebrata

4.     Division 1 – Agnatha                                                         (2 Hrs)

          Class I          Ostracodermi           Eg: Cephalaspis

            Class II       Cyclostomata           Eg: Petromyzon

Division 2 – Gnathostomata                                               (10 Hrs)

Super class Pisces

Class:  Chondrichthyes

                   Sub class - Elasmobranchi    Eg: Narcine

                   Sub class   Holocephali                  Eg: Chimaera

Class: Osteichthyes

          Sub class – Choanichthyes

                  Order 1 Crossopterigii  Eg: Latimeria

                  Order 2 Dipnoi            Eg: Lepidosiren        

          Sub class: - Actinopterygii

                  Super order 1.    Chondrostei Eg: Acipencer

                  Super order 2.   Holostei                 Eg: Amia

                  Super order 3.   Teleostei                Eg: Sardine

General topics

1.      Accessory respiratory organs in fish.

2.      Parental care in fishes.

3.      Scales in fishes.

4.      Migration in fishes

5.      Common culture fishes of Kerala

6.      Lung fishes

Core Readings

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol. !!.S. Viswanathan and Co.

Young J.Z. 2006   The life of Vertebrates Oxford University  Press (Third Ed.) India Ed. 

Jhingran 1977, Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Co.

 MODULE III

Super class: Tetrapoda                                                                   (10 Hrs)

                Class      Amphibia

Type Frog

                     Order I    Anura                         Eg: Hyla

                     Order II Urodela                Eg: Amblystoma (Mention
                                                                       axolotl   larva and neotony)

                     Order III   Apoda                      Eg: Ichthyophis.

   Class   Reptilia                                                                         (4 Hrs)

                Sub class I:  Anapsida

                        Order   Chelonia            Eg: Chelone

                Sub class II: Parapsida           Eg: Ichthyosaurus

              Sub class III:  Diapsida

                    Order I   Rhynchocephalia   Eg: Sphenodon

                    Order II Squamata             Eg: Chamaleon

             Sub class IV: Synapsida             Eg: Cynognathus

 General   topic

     Identification of poisonous and non poisonous   snakes

Class Aves                                                                                          4 Hrs

      Sub class I: Archeornithes               Eg: Archaeopteryx (Affinities)

      Sub class II: Neornithes

             Super order I:  Palaeognathe      Eg: Struthio

            Super order II:  Neognathe          Eg; Brahminy   kite

General topics

1.      Migrations in birds

2.      Flight adaptations in birds

Core Readings

Jordan E L and .P.S. Verma, 2002 Chordate Zoology S. Chand and Co. New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol.II S. Viswanathan and Co.

MODULE IV

Class Mammalia                                                                                           (18 Hrs)

Type: Rabbit                         

Sub class I: Prototheria                 Eg: Echidna

Sub class II:  Metatheria               Eg: Macropus

Sub class III: Eutheria

             Order 1.  Insectivora                 Eg: Talpa

             Order 2 Dermoptera                            Eg:Galeopithecus

             Order 3. Chiroptera                             Eg: Pteropus

             Order 4. Primates                      Eg: Loris

             Order 5 Carnivora                     Eg: Panthera

             Order 6 Edentata                      Eg: Armadillo

             Order 7 Pholibota                      Eg: Manis

             Order 8 Proboscidea                            Eg: Elephas

             Order 9   Hydracoidea                         Eg: Procavia

             Order 10 Sirenia                       Eg: Dugong

              Order   11 Perissodactyla           Eg:  Zebra

              Order 12 Artiodactyla                Eg: Cameleus

              Order 13 Lagomorpha                Eg: Oryctolagus

              Order 14 Rodentia                    Eg: Porcupine

              Order 15 Tubulidentata             Eg: Orycteropus

              Order 16 Cetacea                     Eg: Delphinus

General   topics

1.      Dentition in    Mammals

2.      Aquatic  Mammals

Core Readings

Jordan E L and .P.S. Verma, 2002 Chordate Zoology S. Chand and Co. New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol. !!.S. Viswanathan and Co.

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. Animal Diversity 2002

Selected Further Readings

Ekambaranatha Iyer 2000 A Manual of Zoology Vol. !!.S. Viswanathan and Co.

Jhingran 1977, Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Co.

Jordan E L and .P.S. Verma, 2002 Chordate Zoology S. Chand and Co. New Delhi.

Kotpal R.L. 2000, Modern Text Book of zoology, Vertebrates, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Nigam and Sobti 2000, Functional Organization of Chordates. Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Co. New Delhi.

Young J.Z, 1981, The Life of Vertebrates Oxford University Press.

Young J.Z. 2006   The life of Vertebrates Oxford University  Press (Third Ed.) India Ed.                                                                                                  

ZY4B04U [P] PRACTICAL 4

ANIMAL DIVERSITY   CHORDATA

36hrs

Credit 1

1.     Morphology: Scientific Drawing

Make scientific drawing of 5 locally available vertebrate specimens belonging to different classes

2.     Dissections

Frog: Photographs/diagrams/one dissected & preserved specimen each/models may be used for study.

1. Frog Viscera

2. Frog Digestive System

3. Frog Arterial System

4. Frog 9^th & 1^st Spinal nerve

5. Frog Sciatic Plexus

6. Frog Brain

Mounting of placoid scales/cycloid/ctenoid scales

3.     Osteology

Frog vertebrae

Pectoral and pelvic girdles of Frog and Rabbit

Skull of Rabbit (Diastema -dentition

Turtle – plastron and carapace

      4. Study of sections.

          Amphioxus T. S. through pharynx/T.S. through intestine

       5.  Identification:-

      General identification-

       Identify all the animals by their generic names and 25 % of them by their specific names.

       Protochordata-1, Pisces-4, Amphibia-3, Reptilia- 4, Aves-1,
           Mammalia-2.

      7. Taxonomic identification with key:-

                   i)  Identification of fishes up to the level of order.

                   ii) Identification of snakes up to family.

SEMESTER V

ZY5B05U CORE COURSE 5

Cell Biology and Molecular Biology

54 Hrs

Credits 3

Objectives:

1.      To emphasize the central role of Cell biology and Molecular biology, being the most developing areas of biological science.

2.      To make aware of different cell organelles, their structure and role in living organisms.

3.      To introduce the nature of genetic materials at molecular level, their expression and regulation.

4.      To develop critical thinking, skill and research aptitudes.

PART I -  CELL BIOLOGY                                                      (27 Hrs)

Module I      History of cell and molecular biology           (2 hrs)

Cell theory, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasmas, Virus, Virion and Viroids, Prions,  

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 1

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2008.  Microbiology and Immunology  Chapter – 1                 

Module II     Cell membrane & Permeability                     (6 hrs)

                 Molecular models of cell membrane

                 (Sandwich model, Unit membrane model, Fluid mosaic model)

Modifications of plasma membrane.  (Microvilli,  tight junction,  gap junction,  desmosomes)

Cell permeability - Diffusion,  Osmosis,  Passive transport,  Active transport,  Cell coat and Cell recognition.    

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 4

Module III   Ultrastructure of Cytoplasm                                               ( 7 hrs )

Cytoskeleton - Microtubules,  microfilaments,  intermediate filaments.

                 Endoplasmic reticulum - Structure and functions

                 Ribosomes  (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic)

                 Golgi complex  -  Structure and functions.

                 Lysosomes  -  Polymorphism  -  GERL  concept, functions

                 Mitochondria  -  Structure and functions

                 Symbiont hypothesis.

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 4                                            

Module IV    Nucleus                                                                             (6 hrs)

                 Structure and functions of interphase nucleus, Nuclear      membrane,  pore complex, structure and functions of nucleolus Chromosomes – Structure;  Heterochromatin,  Euchromatin, Nucleosomes, Polytene chromosomes-Balbiani rings, Endomitosis,  Lamp brush chromosomes.     

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 4

Module V     Cell Division                                                                 (3 Hrs.)

        Cell cycle - G₁, S, G₂ and M phases
        Mitosis and Meiosis (comparison)  

Core Readings

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 6

Module VI    Cell Communication                                                              (3 Hrs.)

  Cell signalling  -  Signal hypothesis,  Signalling molelcules (neuro- transmitters, hormones, growth factors, cytokines, vitamin A and D derivatives) Role of cyclic AMP

Core Readings

Karp. G., 1996 Cell and Moecular Biology, Concepts and Experiments    

        John Wiley and Sons New York.

PART II - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY                                          27 Hrs.

Module VII Nature of Genetic Materials                                                  (7 Hrs)

                  Discovery of DNA as genetic material – Griffith’s transformation    experiments.  Hershey Chase Experiment of Bacteriophage infection .Types of DNA & RNA.   Modern concept of gene (Cistron, muton, recon, viral genes).  Prokaryotic genome,Eukaryotic genome,  Split genes (introns and exons),  Junk genes,  Pseudogenes,  Overlapping genes,  Transposons  

Core Readings

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamental of Molecular Biology, Ane’s Books, India Chapter -5 pp. 124-138.

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 9

Module VIII Gene Expressions                                                                  ( 12 hrs)

Central Dogma of molecular biology,  One gene-one enzyme hypothesis, One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.   Characteristics of genetic code, Contributions of Hargobind Khorana.  Protein synthesis-Transcription       (Prokaryotic and eukaryotic),   Reverse transcription, post transcriptional modifications, Translation, Post translational modifications.       

Core Readings

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamental of Molecular Biology, Ane’s Books, India Chapter -12 pp. 282-292, Chapter 13, pp293-318.

Sobti R.C. & G. Obe. (2000) Eukaryotic Chromosomes.  Narosa Publishing House.        

Taylor D.J. Green N.P.O and stout Biological Science 2009 3^rd edition Chapter 23 pp.802-807.                           

Module IX    Gene regulations                                                                      (8 hrs)

Prokaryotic (inducible, repressible systems),  Operon concept  -Lac operon.Attenuation and tryptophan operon.   Eukaryotic gene regulation,  Global control – Stimulon and modulon,  Catabolite  repression (Glucose effect),  Differences between prokaryotic   and eukaryotic  gene regulation

Core Readings

Madigan, Martinko and Parker 2002.  Biology of Microorganisms 8^th edition Prentice Hall, Chapter 7 pges 226-245.

Veer Bala Rastogi. (2008). Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, Ane’s Books, India Chapter 15, pp343--378.

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002.  Cell Biology, Genetics and Biotechnology  Chapter – 9

Selected Further Readings

                                    ZY5B05U [P] PRACTICAL 5

CELL BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

36 hrs

Credit 1

1.  Squash preparation of onion root tip for mitotic stages

2.  Mounting of polytene chromosome (Drosophila/Chironomous.) Demonstration

3.  Tissues (permanent slides of epithelial tissues, striated muscle, smooth muscle, cartilage, bone)

4.  Identification of meiotic stages (slide/figure)

5.  Identification of cell organelles

6.  Models  (DNA, DNA replication, RNA – Different types.)

7.  Preparation of temporary whole mount.

8.  Preparation of permanent whole mount (demonstration)

9. Preparation of human blood smear and identification of Leucocytes

SEMESTER V

ZY5B06U CORE COURSE 6

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY AND

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

 54 hrs

Credits 3

Objectives

• To impart basic knowledge on ecosystems and their functioning
• To learn about various types of anthropogenic pressures on ecosystem, related degradation and management measures
• To study toxicants, their impacts on human health and environment and remedial measures
• To create awareness about disasters, prevention and mitigation measures

Pre-requisite:

• Basic knowledge on ecosystem,  food chain, food web and energy flow
• General awareness on pollution and their impacts

PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY                                                (44 Hrs)

Module I – Introduction                                                                              (2 hrs)

History, development

Scope, branches

Core Readings

Bharucha, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses. University Grants commission

Miller, Tyler. G. (Jr) 2005.  Essentials of Ecology.  Thomson Brooks/cole.

Nambiar, K.R. 2008.Textbook of Environmental Studies (For Undergraduate Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.

Odum, E.P. 1971.Fundamentals of Ecology.W.B. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

Rajagopalan,R. 2005.Environmental Studies from Crisis to Cure. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Module II – Ecosystems                                                                 (20 hrs)

Concept, classification

Terrestrial ecosystem

     Abiotic/ biotic components (Brief description only)

           Interactions

  Classification (Types)

          Forest

Desert

Grassland

          Causes of land degradation with special reference to Kerala

Freshwater ecosystem

    Physico chemical nature (Brief description only)

    Types

                   Lentic

                   Lotic

          Ground water

          Threat to freshwater resources of Kerala

          Watershed management

Marine ecosystem

     Physico chemical nature (Brief description only)

                   Intertidal zone

                   Rocky shore

                   Muddy shore

                   Sandy shore

                   Coral reefs

          Open sea

          Pelagic realm

          Benthic realm

          Wetland and mangroves

Estuaries

Convention on wetlands (Ramsar, 1971)

Ramsar sites in Kerala –threats and conservation aspects

Core Readings

Bharucha, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses. University Grants commission

Miller, Tyler. G. (Jr) 2005.  Essentials of Ecology.  Thomson Brooks/cole.

Nambiar, K.R. 2008.Textbook of Environmental Studies (For Undergraduate Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.

Odum, E.P. 1971.Fundamentals of Ecology.W.B. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

Rajagopalan,R. 2005.Environmental Studies from Crisis to Cure. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Zoological Society of Kerala Study material. 2002. Environmental Biology  and Ethology Published by Zoological Society of Kerala.

Module III – Man and Environment                                                          (8 hrs)

             Natural resources

                   Introduction (concept)

             Energy resources

                   Conventional

                   Non conventional

                   Inexhaustible

             Energy conservation measures

Core Readings

Andrew S. Pullin 2002 Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Bharucha, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses. University Grants commission

Kaufman G.Donald and Cecilia M. Franz. 2000. Biosphere 2000 Protecting Our Global Environment. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Iowa, US

Module IV – Global environmental changes                                           (9 hrs)

             Global warming

                   Green house effect

                   Ozone depletion

             Climate change (Brief description only)

                   Definition- recent developments

                   Kyoto protocol

                   IPCC/UNFCC

Carbon credit

Carbon sequestration

Carbon trading

Core Readings

Bharucha, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses. University Grants commission

Miller, Tyler. G. (Jr) 2005.  Essentials of Ecology.  Thomson Brooks/cole.

Nambiar, K.R. 2008.Textbook of Environmental Studies (For Undergraduate Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.

Module V – Municipal Solid Waste                                                            (3 hrs)           

    Plastic pollution

          Types of plastics

          Problems of plastics

          Management strategies        

  e-waste

Major types and sources

          Toxic ingredients

          Effects on environment and human health

          Management strategies

Core Readings

Nambiar, K.R. 2008.Textbook of Environmental Studies (For Undergraduate Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.

Odum, E.P. 1971.Fundamentals of Ecology.W.B. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

Module V – Local environmental issues                                             (2 hrs)

             Impact of tourism on ecology

             Landscape changes

Core Readings

Santra, S.C. 1994. Ecology Basic and Applied.  M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

PART II. DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND TOXICOLOGY          (10 Hrs)     

Module VI – Disaster Management                                                               (5 hrs)

    Definition

             Classification

                   Natural

                   Anthropogenic

                   Hybrid

             Earthquake

             Landslide

             Flood

             Drought

             Cyclone

             Tsunami

             Mitigation measures

Core Readings

Singh, S.R., 2008 Disaster Management.  A.P.H Publishers

Module VII:  Toxicology                                                                              5 hrs

   Definition

             History of toxicology

            Classification – occurrence/ source

   Role of toxicology

             Toxicants of biological origin

             Afflatoxin

             Botulinum toxin

             Heavy metal toxicants

              Food additives

Core Readings

Stiling Peter, 2002. Ecology: Theories and applications.  Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

Pandey Kamleshwar , J.P.Shukla and S.P.Trivedi.2005. Fundamentals  of Toxicology. New Central Book Agency (P)  Ltd. Kolkata, India

Rajagopalan,R. 2005.Environmental Studies from Crisis to Cure. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Selected Further Readings

Ahuwalie V.K., Sunita Malhotra, 2009 Environmental science, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

Alan Beeby, 2006  Anne – Maria Brennan First Ecology, Ecological principles and Environmental issues . International students edition Sec. edition Oxford University Press.                                                                                                                                          

Andrew S. Pullin 2002 Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Banerjee, L.K., Sastry, A.R.K. and Nayar, M.P. 1989.  Mangroves in India: Identification manual.  Botanical Survey of India. 

Bharucha, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses. University Grants commission

Erach Bharucha  2008    (UGC).Test Book of Environmental Studies of Undergraduate course. University Press                                                     

Kaufman G.Donald and Cecilia M. Franz. 2000. Biosphere 2000 Protecting Our Global Environment. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Iowa, US

Miller, Tyler. G. (Jr) 2005.  Essentials of Ecology.  Thomson Brooks/cole.

Misra S.P., Pandy S.N. 2009Essential Environmental Students ,   Ane books Pvt. Ltd.         

Nambiar, K.R. 2008.Textbook of Environmental Studies (For Undergraduate Courses as per the UGC Model Syllabus. Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.

Odum, E.P. 1971.Fundamentals of Ecology.W.B. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.

Pandey Kamleshwar , J.P.Shukla and S.P.Trivedi.2005. Fundamentals  of Toxicology. New Central Book Agency (P)  Ltd. Kolkata, India

Rajagopalan,R. 2005.Environmental Studies from Crisis to Cure. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Robert May & Angela Mc Lean 2007   Theoretical Ecology. Principles and Application , Oxford University press (India Ed.)                                                        

Santra ,S.C. 1994. Ecology Basic and Applied.  M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Sharma, P.D. 2007. Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publishers

Stern, Nicholas. 2006. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Stiling Peter,  2002. Ecology: Theories and applications.  Prentice Hall of India pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

ZY5B06U [P] PRACTICAL 6

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & DISASTER MANAGEMENT

36 hrs

Credit 1

1. Estimation of oxygen
2. Estimation of carbon dioxide
3. Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon
4. Plankton count
5. Identification of freshwater/ marine plankton
6. Extraction of soil organism
7. Identification of minerals and rocks
8. Sechi disc, Plankton Net

9.            Compulsory Field Study

10.        Report on visit to one terrestrial and marine ecosystem

SEMESTER V

ZY5B07U CORE COURSE 7

EVOLUTION, ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND ETHOLOGY

 54 hrs

   Credits 3

Objectives:

• To acquire knowledge about the evolutionary history of earth  (living and non living)
• To learn various tools and techniques for evolutionary studies
• To study the distribution of animals on earth, its pattern, evolution and causative factors
• To impart basic knowledge on animal behavioural patterns and their role

Prerequisite:

• Basic knowledge on principles of inheritance and variation
• Knowledge on molecular basis of inheritance
• Basic understanding on the mechanism and factors affecting evolution
• Knowledge on origin and evolution of man

PART I – EVOLUTION                                                                        (30 hrs)

Module I – Origin of life                                                                               (5 hrs)

           Introduction

           Origin of universe

  Chemical evolution

                   Miller-Urey experiment

                   Haldane and Oparin theory

Module II – Theories of organic evolution                                              (7 hrs)

           Lamarckism

                   Critical analysis of Lamarck’s propositions

           Darwinism

                   Critical analysis of Darwinism

                   Neo-Darwinism

  Modern Synthetic theory

  Weisman’s germplasm theory

  Mutation theory

           Neutral theory of molecular evolution

Module III – Population genetics and evolution                                     (6 hrs)

           Genetic basis of variation

           Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

           Change in gene frequencies

Factors affecting gene frequencies (brief account only)

Module IV – Evolution above species level                                            (8 hrs)

           Adaptive radiation

           Microevolution